Past Abstracts
1,037 abstracts found
The Public Image of Austria-Hungary in Britain and British Foreign Policy Decision-Making in the Last Years of the Great Eastern Crisis, 1876-1878.
History/Political ScienceThe paper aims to discover the image of Austria-Hungary in the British press and its links to the formulation of foreign policy in the preceding years of the Congress of Berlin. British and other international experts in the field have conducted similar research to support their claims of linking public attitude and alliance systems of the time before the Great War. The sources of these studies consist mainly of newspapers and other periodicals of the time, as well as archive materials of diplomatic history. Although these works heavily favour the German allegiance to the Monarchy in retrospect, in this study the emphasis lies on the alternative option to the German alliance: the British-Austrian rapprochement. The existing literature briefly mentions that decision-makers saw such an alliance as an option. The engagement of the public – whether it supported or neglected the unlikely cordial relations – has been yet unstudied. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to examine what extent the public had a voice in foreign policy decision-making in the exemplary democracy of the continent at a moment of international crisis.
The Radicalization of the German Minority in Hungary
History/Political ScienceAfter the First World War, the Swabians of Hungary, now on their own (without the Transylvanian Saxons) organized and tried to create a unified minority. In 1924 they formed the Volksbildungsverein, and under the leadership of Jakob Bleyer attempted to find a place for themselves in Hungary as Hungarian Germans. The failure of this policy led Bleyer’s disciple, Franz Basch, to turn to Germany in the late 1930s as the new protector of the Germans in Hungary. He formed the Volksbund in 1938, and with the First Vienna Award in 1940, this new German organization obtained a level of autonomy in the country. Historians disagree as to whether the Volksbund represented a radicalization of the German minority and whether it was National Socialist. In this paper, I attempt to answer these questions by examining the actions and the rhetoric of the leadership as well as try to decipher how the rural Swabians understood the new völkisch position represented by this German organization.
The Reception and Reimagining of Katalin Karády in the Arts, 1980s to the Present
Music/FolkloreIn this paper we examine how Hungarian performers of the present day reflect artistically on Katalin Karády. The film star’s unique contributions to music, fashion, and popular entertainment as well as
her rumored bisexuality rendered her unique in the country’s history of popular culture. As well, her legend was bolstered by her humanitarian activism, persecution by both the fascist and communist
authorities, and her emigration. Karády thus has meant many things to her public, past and present. This paper will contrast two recent interpretations. The 1986 album Nincs kegyelem (There is no mercy) by Juli Postássy, András Trunkos, and Ádám Dévényi, exemplifies a late socialist-era interest in making stylized re-embodiments of Karády as a singer. Artists contemplating Karády since 1990 have had the
advantage of knowing previously suppressed facts about the star’s life. Zsófia Bán’s monodrama entitled Karady politicizes her predicament focusing on issues like abuse and torture, lesbian relationship, emigration, and workmanlike acting. We argue that the singularity of the abject (Kristeva) as represented by Karády offers Hungarian artists the potential for a penetrating set of symbolic commentaries on contemporary society and contemporary personal experience.
her rumored bisexuality rendered her unique in the country’s history of popular culture. As well, her legend was bolstered by her humanitarian activism, persecution by both the fascist and communist
authorities, and her emigration. Karády thus has meant many things to her public, past and present. This paper will contrast two recent interpretations. The 1986 album Nincs kegyelem (There is no mercy) by Juli Postássy, András Trunkos, and Ádám Dévényi, exemplifies a late socialist-era interest in making stylized re-embodiments of Karády as a singer. Artists contemplating Karády since 1990 have had the
advantage of knowing previously suppressed facts about the star’s life. Zsófia Bán’s monodrama entitled Karady politicizes her predicament focusing on issues like abuse and torture, lesbian relationship, emigration, and workmanlike acting. We argue that the singularity of the abject (Kristeva) as represented by Karády offers Hungarian artists the potential for a penetrating set of symbolic commentaries on contemporary society and contemporary personal experience.
The Reception of Hungarian Music and Guest Artists in Performances with Fritz Reiner and the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra
Music/FolkloreHungarian-American conductor Fritz Reiner (1888-1963) began his American career with the Cincinnati Symphony in 1922. Reiner’s next post as music director of a symphony orchestra was with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (1938-1948). During his tenure there, Reiner endeavored to improve the orchestra and to elevate its status as a cultural landmark of the city. Despite various obstacles, including financial concerns and acoustical issues in the Syria Mosque, Reiner engaged world-class soloists and guest conductors to perform with the PSO and released a number of important recordings. Although Reiner did not market himself as a specialist in Hungarian music, his work with prominent Hungarian musicians, such as Joseph Szigeti, Zoltán Kodály, and Béla Bartók, was significant, and his connections to his compatriots were emphasized in the press coverage of their guest performances in Pittsburgh. In addition to featuring these artists on concerts in Pittsburgh, Reiner conducted Bartók’s works on over twenty concerts between 1941 and 1948, including a performance of Bartók’s Piano Concerto no. 2 with the composer as soloist in 1941. With the PSO Reiner also premiered Bartók’s revised Second Suite for Orchestra and released the first commercial recording of Bartók’s Concerto for Orchestra, a recording that garnered national attention at its release. This paper explores Reiner’s tenure with the PSO and the reception of Hungarian guest artists in the Pittsburgh press, using concert programs, correspondence, local and national news coverage, conducting notes, and archival documents from the PSO Archives, Fritz Reiner’s estate, and the Budapest Bartók Archive.
The Reconstruction of Szeged: a city at cultural crossroads
Cultural Studies/ArtsIronically, the tragic event of the Great Flood (1879) in Szeged had positive consequences for this provincial market town; the city’s planners had a free hand in introducing the latest achievements of urban planning when they designed the new master plan of the town. My presentation aims to focus on the traces of intercultural exchange in relation to the reconstruction of Szeged. Firstly, the presentation argues that the Great Flood was well-reported by the international media and raised the attention of the large public at an unprecedented, global level. Newspapers such as The Times in London and Le Figaro in Paris closely followed the events of the tragedy and covered the reconstruction works on a weekly basis. Several U.S. newspapers, for instance, the New York Times, and the Harper’s New Monthly Magazine also reported about the Flood. The reactions of the Hungarian, North-American and European media contributed considerably to the reconstruction of the city. Secondly, the paper focuses on the asymmetrical comparison of the American and Hungarian urban planning scenarios after natural disasters through the examples of Chicago and Szeged. Chicago’s rebuilding (1871) was among the first models for Szeged’s reconstruction but the royal commission opted for the Parisian model. Finally, it analyzes the cultural impacts of the disaster. For instance, Franz Liszt’s piano play (Revive Szégedin! Marche Hongroise d(e) Szabady-Ochestree par J. Massenet, transcribe pour piano par Franz Liszt) was dedicated to the rebirth of the city. The central theme of this presentation is to highlight the multiple levels of intercultural exchange in relation to the reconstruction of Szeged.
The Reconstruction of the Sign in Ágnes Gergely’s Lifework by Translating the Self into the Other
Language/LiteratureSelf-citation, repetition and reorganization of certain texts over time in Ágnes Gergely’s oeuvre is a phenomenon that has been frequently mentioned but not yet systematically analysed. This phenomenon is considered to be a characteristic of Gergely’s works, but further investigation suggests it to be central to understanding her writing. These repetitions and re-writes (over-writes, or in other words translations) form a structure of infinite circles that point to each other very much alike the interpretative mechanism in rabbinical commentary tradition. With the analysis of these circles and the relationship of various texts in the oeuvre Gergely’s semiotics and concept of language unfolds. The vulnerability of the self and the unrepresentability of signs, along with the realization of the linguistic world being a closed entity lead to Gergely’s unique sign-construction and recontextualization that manifests itself in the repetitive nature of her lifework. This sign-construction - especially when replacement is also involved - is often related to translation. Translation as a thematic feature, in this way a field of cultural crossroads (e.g. the novel ‘The Interpreter’), translation as a structural feature (e.g. in ‘The Chicago Version’ the translation of a Kosztolányi poem gives the structural frame of the novel in which the protagonist is an actress who, in the role of Desdemona, finds her own self by citing her English translation of the poem), and translation as a professional practice (Gergely translated poems by Christopher Okigbo, W. B. Yeats, Edgar Lee Master, Sylvia Plath, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, and many others.)
The Redefinition of the Hungarian Nation Concept
History/Political ScienceThe Hungarian kinstate has institutionalized relations to ethnic Hungarians who live outside its territory by granting them dual citizenship and non-resident voting rights. At the heart of the policy is the redefinition of the nation on an ethno-cultural basis to encompass all ethnic Hungarians in a united nation that stretches across state borders. The kinstate took up the representation of the interests of its ethnic kin by asserting that its responsibilities transcend territory and citizenship. It sought to monitor the situation of ethnic Hungarians in neighboring countries and felt obliged to help them reach their basic aspirations, collective rights and a form of autonomy in the region where they live. Ethnic Hungarians worldwide greeted dual citizenship as a badge of identity that makes it clear that they belong to the Hungarian nation. In Hungary, a long-standing controversy over the ethno-cultural and political concept of the nation revolves around the question whether ethnic Hungarians are an integral part of Hungarian nation or belong to the political nation of their home states whose major responsibility it is to guarantee their rights. Many Western observers greeted the use of dual citizenship and voting rights to integrate migrants into Western societies but criticized its use to strengthen the ethnic identity of national minorities. I examine Hungarian kinstate policy in the framework of nationalism and analyze the reactions to it in Hungary, among Hungarian minorities and the countries where they live as well as in the EU.
The Relation of East Central Europe and Northeastern United States in Light of Hungarian and Czech Foreign Economy Policies
Science/EconomicsThe research of the author is involved with Hungarian and Czech foreign economic policies, mainly the diversification of their global trade export opportunities. He conducted two case studies: the first one highlighted relations with the East: The relation of East Central Europe and the Pearl River Delta Chinese Region (mainly Hong Kong, Canton and Macau) in light of Hungarian and Czech foreign economic policies. The second study highlighted relations with the West: The relation of East Central Europe and Northeastern United States (mainly New York and Pittsburgh) in light of Hungarian and Czech foreign economic policies. This paper aims to give a comprehensive overview of the second case. The author's research explores the geo-economic role and importance of East Central European small and medium sized states, reviews their adaption strategies in foreign trade and also in foreign affairs in a changing, multipolar world. The research is based on national and international literature, policy documents, and also diplomatic and professional interviews, complemented by processing of international databases, statistics, maps, and graphs. The study presents examples of how Hungarian and Czech companies can succeed in the of New York and Pittsburgh area, and also how can the Hungarian diaspora connect to these projects.
The Relationship of Cultural Traits and Cultural Consumption in Hungary and France
Cultural Studies/ArtsDuring my presentation I would like to present the results of my undergraduate thesis which examines the relationship between the cultural traits and the cultural consumption of Hungary and France.
The first part of my research paper is focusing on the two nations’ cultural traits based on Geert Hofstede’s five well-known cultural dimensions, such as Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Individualism vs. Collectivism, and Long vs. Short Term Orientation. These cultural traits – more precisely the dimensions’ indexes – illustrate different values in different national cultures, and these cultural values can usually determine how the individuals of different nations think and behave. By using sociology researches and studies I examined how these indexes measured by Hofstede are reflected in the real values and behavior of the Hungarians and French.
In the second part based on my qualitative analysis – using my own experience and observation acquired in Hungary and France during my exchange semester – I have demonstrated in a case study how these cultural traits appear in and affect the citizens’ cultural consumption in terms of festival goods. I analyzed the annual festivals of two cities, Szeged and Angers, according to the following aspects: the festivals’ aims and values, program structure, target groups and their behavior, and communication tools. By comparing these results to the cultural dimensions’ indexes I was able to conclude whether these indexes are verified in terms of the festival consumption.
The first part of my research paper is focusing on the two nations’ cultural traits based on Geert Hofstede’s five well-known cultural dimensions, such as Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Individualism vs. Collectivism, and Long vs. Short Term Orientation. These cultural traits – more precisely the dimensions’ indexes – illustrate different values in different national cultures, and these cultural values can usually determine how the individuals of different nations think and behave. By using sociology researches and studies I examined how these indexes measured by Hofstede are reflected in the real values and behavior of the Hungarians and French.
In the second part based on my qualitative analysis – using my own experience and observation acquired in Hungary and France during my exchange semester – I have demonstrated in a case study how these cultural traits appear in and affect the citizens’ cultural consumption in terms of festival goods. I analyzed the annual festivals of two cities, Szeged and Angers, according to the following aspects: the festivals’ aims and values, program structure, target groups and their behavior, and communication tools. By comparing these results to the cultural dimensions’ indexes I was able to conclude whether these indexes are verified in terms of the festival consumption.
The Representation of Native Americans in 19th–century Hungarian Travel Writing
History/Political ScienceAlthough Hungarians followed with great interest the “discovery” and mapping of the Americas, travel writing on North America (especially the US) began in earnest only during the 19th century. The three major concerns for Hungarian travelers of the age included American democracy, progress, and the Native Americans. In my paper I will explain how three of the most important Hungarian travelers (János Xántus, Pál Rosti, and József Szabó) represented (or misrepresented) the Native Americans in their travel writing and scholary articles. I will also illustrate how their accounts reflect 19th century American attempts to explain the origins, customs, and inferiority of American Indians.
The Road Less Travelled – memoir of prof. Ács Zoltán – from the creative editor’s view
Language/LiteratureWhen I began reading the English manuscript received from MCC Press in 2024, I was very grateful for the opportunity, but the text left me confused. By then, I had already lived in the US for two years, and was actively involved in the North American Hungarian diaspora community and had written about Hungarian Americans, who were proud of their Hungarian roots,language, and cultural heritage and passionately served the local Hungarian communities and organizations that their ancestors or themselves had established. In contrast, Zoltán Ács — born in an Austrian refugee camp to a family with a rich Hungarian cultural heritage (noble and educated ancestors and parents who were deeply committed to the Hungarian cause), who later ended up in the projects in Cleveland, OH — experienced his Hungarian identity more as a burden during his childhood and youth. He dropped out of high school to financially help his family, and as a teenager, a young adult he struggled to value his Hungarian heritage. Though he maintained contact with relatives in Hungary, he only began to truly appreciate his Hungarian roots decades later, during the rapid ascent of his professional career, at the time of establishing and benefiting from professional ties in Hungary. His journey along the road less travelled is admirable and exemplary, both personally and professionally. My job was to find the missing pieces and make his journey understandable and engaging for Hungarian readers living outside the North American Hungarian diaspora as well as those outside his professional field.
The Role of Hungarian Diplomacy in Preserving and Promoting Hungarian Culture and Business Relations
Science/EconomicsHungary and the United States recently celebrated 90 years of diplomatic relations. Until the 1990's Hungarian representation was limited to the East Coast, to Washington DC, New York and Chicago. In 20 years our consular network has expanded nationwide to 2 career and 16 honorary consulates, in addition to the Embassy. The Hungarian Consulate General in Los Angeles opened in March 1992. At the same time I was asked to establish the first Honorary Consulate in San Francisco, and was appointed after accreditation by the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the US Department of State in 1993. I have followed this expansion as an observer and as a participant and have been assisting Northern Californians with Hungarian Consular matters. I wish to present a brief historical and personal perspective and discuss the role of Hungarian diplomacy in preserving and promoting Hungarian culture, arts, trade and business.
The Role of Hungarian Mathematicians in Developing the Science of Social Network Analysis
Science/EconomicsEach one of us is part of a social network, from which no one is left out. Though we do not know everyone on the globe or even in our community, each person is connected to every other person through links with people. Similarly, there is a path linking any two neurons in the brain, any two companies in the world. Likewise, one might study the spread of infections or the dispersal of ideas on the internet through their linkages. The interconnections between any numbers of phenomena may be studied through social network analysis, a discipline that started in the 1930s in sociology.
The field of social network analysis was greatly advanced by the work of Hungarian mathematicians, most notably Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi who applied graph theory to the study of social networks. This enabled the visual illustration of networks and accelerated its growth from the domain of sociology to information technology, medicine, marketing, and other diverse disciplines. Hungarian mathematicians have made significant contributions to the science not just to its visualization, but also the popularization of the method, most notably Albert-László Barabási among others. The roles of Hungarian mathematicians and scientists in developing this field will be highlighted during this talk.
The field of social network analysis was greatly advanced by the work of Hungarian mathematicians, most notably Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi who applied graph theory to the study of social networks. This enabled the visual illustration of networks and accelerated its growth from the domain of sociology to information technology, medicine, marketing, and other diverse disciplines. Hungarian mathematicians have made significant contributions to the science not just to its visualization, but also the popularization of the method, most notably Albert-László Barabási among others. The roles of Hungarian mathematicians and scientists in developing this field will be highlighted during this talk.
The Role of Hungarian Schools in the Preservation of Hungarian Identity in the Diaspora
Education/Social SciencesThe main aim of our research is to give an overview on the identity preserving attempts of Hungarians living in the diaspora. We decided to compare three Hungarian schools from three continents (North America, South America and Australia), selected by a sampling based on geographical location. We compared the similarities and differences of their educational methods with factors determined by us. By the review of the extant but limited literature the authors studied the present situation of Hungarians living abroad and the actual questions of identity preservation with special regard to language learning and preservation. After a short review of the activities of these communities and the history of the Hungarian diaspora in the studied settlements, we introduce the institutions focusing on language education. In our study we present the results of the semi-structured interviews with the students, the present and former directors of the institutions. These results give a detailed image about language education within the Hungarian diaspora. We also compare the educational methodology of the three schools on the basis of different statistical data such as the number of students, their cohort, the individual motivations of students as well as the role of partner institutions in the preservation of Hungarian identity. We introduce the similarities and differences of the institutions located far away from each other. The main differences are shown in the number and motivation of the students. We aim to give an overview on the present situation, problems, challenges and possible opportunities of these communities.
The Role of Personal Stories and Documents in the Research and Representation of the Malenkij Robot
Cultural Studies/ArtsThe term “malenkij robot” refers to the “little work” that prisoners were subjected to in Soviet lagers at the end of World War II. In 1944 Stalin ordered the transportation of Germans from the areas “liberated” by the Red Army to the former Soviet Union for reparation works. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were deported and one third of them never returned. The roundups and kidnappings began in December 1944. Transports included not only members of the German minority but also Hungarians with German-sounding names or German spouses. Pécs is an appropriate place to talk about the malenkij robot because 5000-6000 civilians were deported from Baranya county. The trains left Pécs in January 1945. For four decades, the topic remained taboo. In 2015, the 70th anniversary of the events was marked by a series of commemorations and public history projects. This presentation will discuss recent cultural, cinematic and museological representations of the malenkij robot (such as the film Eternal Winter, Örök tél, 2018 and the Malenkij Robot Memorial Space) and the role of personal diaries, letters, and oral history in these representations.
The Role of Singing and Dancing in the Creation of Roma Men and Women in two Hungarian Roma groups
Music/FolkloreA number of Roma/Gypsy/Sinti and Traveller groups seem to distinguish themselves from the non-Gypsy population through a complex set of moral rules which collectively add up to what they refer to as the "Gypsy way of being,", who enact their specific femininity and masculinity with sensitivity for age and locality. Having the non-Gypsies as a counterexample, the Gypsies focus on creating and performing their present inter-subjectivity, which they perpetually remake and reinterpret in different situations. In this paper, I shall make use of the above ideas, as put forward by Paloma Gay y Blasco (1999), and illustrate how musical expressions are one of the best ways to generate distinct Roma selves, male and female, who see their superiority not so much in a strict adherence to, or passive acceptance and reproduction of, already set moral ideals but in their active creation and performance of always alternating and affecting selves. I shall draw on my research among two different Hungarian Roma groups, the Vlach Gypsies and the Romungro, and refer to my own research/performance experience when appropriate.
The Role of Tales in Socialization
Education/Social SciencesTales are strongly associated to humanity; they are as old as mankind, and they follow us through the whole life. Without tales, the childhood, the parent-child relationship, and the primary school years are unimaginable.
My presentation investigates the causes of the importance of different types of tales such as fairy tales, folk tales and modern tales. On the one hand, I explain how the tales work from a psychological point of view. In this regard, tales are full with symbols and archetypes. These elements provide a common humanity context, protagonist and events reflecting the psycho-emotional thoughts of the children. This way the audiences ¬can identify themselves with them. On the other hand, I explain the role of tales in socialization. First of all, tales play a specific role in the intrapersonal development of children; they help them to cope with their distress and solve emotional problems. Secondly, tales contribute to the socialization through the parent-child relationship, which is made stronger by bedtime stories, and through the behavioral pattern showed in tales.
This way the tales provide the heritage of a collective wise and follow a person through the life in personal relationships and challenges.
My presentation investigates the causes of the importance of different types of tales such as fairy tales, folk tales and modern tales. On the one hand, I explain how the tales work from a psychological point of view. In this regard, tales are full with symbols and archetypes. These elements provide a common humanity context, protagonist and events reflecting the psycho-emotional thoughts of the children. This way the audiences ¬can identify themselves with them. On the other hand, I explain the role of tales in socialization. First of all, tales play a specific role in the intrapersonal development of children; they help them to cope with their distress and solve emotional problems. Secondly, tales contribute to the socialization through the parent-child relationship, which is made stronger by bedtime stories, and through the behavioral pattern showed in tales.
This way the tales provide the heritage of a collective wise and follow a person through the life in personal relationships and challenges.
The Role of Terminology in Keeping our Identity as Hungarian Professionals
Language/LiteratureWithout terminology there is no professional communication and without professional communication there is no transfer of knowledge. That is why we consider that the elaboration of an adequate and accurate Hungarian professional terminology in the countries outside the borders of Hungary is essential to keep our identity as Hungarian scientists, engineers, lawyers, doctors, teachers. One of the main sources of terminology formation is the translation of special texts from the official language of the country (Romanian, Slovak, Ukrainan, Serbian, German, English, etc.). In the paper we will deal with some translation related items of terminology.
The Role of the Mother Tongue in Foreign Language Teaching
Education/Social SciencesA distinction has been made between the instinct way of language acquisition and the organized, partly conscious form of language learning. Mother tongue has an indispensable and inevitable role in foreign language teaching and learning. During this process foreign language teachers must always anticipate the effects of the native language as it has an impact on second language acquisition; in a positive and a negative way, as well. Knowing the scientific background of language acquisition significantly helps language teachers better understand students’ mistakes and hardships with receptive and productive skills.
The Role of the Mother Tongue in Foreign Language Teaching
Education/Social SciencesMother tongue has an indispensable and inevitable role in foreign language teaching. However this role changes continuously in its intensity, character, methods, and in its strategies. There are subjective and objective differences between mother tongue acquisition (L1) and foreign language learning (L2) and we should take into consideration the effects of mother tongue in FLT. We talk about positive and negative transfers. Postivie transfer is if mother tongue is similar to foreign language in some aspects but if mother tongue is different this effect will have negative transfer. The main reasons why students make mistakes (errors) are partly because of negative transfer and partly because of mother tongue interference.
Students use mother tongue in order to fulfil their needs and mother tongue becomes their tool in order to express themselves. In the case of L2 students are aware of the fact that they can use their mother tongue when they want. We can distinguish four fields in terms of similarities and differences in the language: phonetic-phonological, grammatical, lexical, conversational routines The usage of mother tongue is unavoidable in some cases: in the exploration of the meaning of the foreign word, clarifying grammatical rules, comparing the mother tongue and the target language, explaining new structures, in translations, etc. The discussion of the role of the mother tongue has arisen lots of very interesting responses from around the world. The formerly strict dogma that there is no room for the mother tongue in the EFL classroom (a product of acquisition-based teaching methods), has been replaced by a more differentiated approach which may depend heavily on the cultural and educational situation where each individual teacher is working.
Students use mother tongue in order to fulfil their needs and mother tongue becomes their tool in order to express themselves. In the case of L2 students are aware of the fact that they can use their mother tongue when they want. We can distinguish four fields in terms of similarities and differences in the language: phonetic-phonological, grammatical, lexical, conversational routines The usage of mother tongue is unavoidable in some cases: in the exploration of the meaning of the foreign word, clarifying grammatical rules, comparing the mother tongue and the target language, explaining new structures, in translations, etc. The discussion of the role of the mother tongue has arisen lots of very interesting responses from around the world. The formerly strict dogma that there is no room for the mother tongue in the EFL classroom (a product of acquisition-based teaching methods), has been replaced by a more differentiated approach which may depend heavily on the cultural and educational situation where each individual teacher is working.
